While most historians trace the origins of the Cold War to the period immediately following World War II, some argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in when the Bolsheviks took power. Therefore, causes of the cold war essay, the continuation of cooperation and peaceful relations with its wartime allies, the United States and Great Britain, was greatly to be desired. The popularly elected Mosaddegh had been a Middle Eastern nemesis of Britain since nationalizing the British-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in These occurred on several fronts: the United Causes of the cold war essay faced a bloody and costly disgrace by losing the Vietnam War, and eventually abandoning that mission. East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall ,
Navigation menu
The Cold War is considered to causes of the cold war essay a significant event in Modern World History. Causes of the cold war essay Cold War dominated a rather long time period: betweenor the end of the World War II, andthe collapse of the USSR. This period involved the relationships between two superpowers: the United States and causes of the cold war essay USSR. The Cold War began in Eastern Europe and Germany, according to the researchers of the Institute of Contemporary British History Warner In other words, during the Cold War, two nations took the fate of the world under their control. The progression of the Cold War influenced the development of society, which became aware of the threat of nuclear war. Although the larger part of the world lived in poverty and lacked technological progress, the United States and other countries of Western world succeeded in economic development.
The Cold War, which began inreflected the increased role of technological progress in the establishment of economic relationships between two superpowers, causes of the cold war essay. The Cold War involved internal and external conflicts between two superpowers, the United States and the USSR, causes of the cold war essay, leading to eventual breakdown of the USSR. The Cold War consisted of several confrontations causes of the cold war essay the United States and the USSR, supported by their allies. The Cold War had different influences on the United States and the USSR.
In fact, the Cold War could split the wartime alliance formed to oppose the plans of Nazi Germany, leaving the USSR and the United States as two superpowers with considerable economic and political differences. The USSR was based on a single-party Marxist—Leninist system, while the United States was a capitalist state with democratic governance based on free elections. The key figure in the Cold War was the Soviet leader Gorbachev, who was elected in He managed to change the direction of the USSR, making the economies of communist ruled states independent. The major reasons for changing in the course were poor technological development of the USSR Gottfried Gorbachev believed that radical changes in political power could improve the Communist system. At the same time, he wanted to stop the Cold War and tensions with the United States.
The cost of nuclear arms race had negative impact on the economy of the USSR. The leaders of the United States accepted the proposed relationships, based on causes of the cold war essay and mutual trust. The end of the Cold War was marked by signing the INF treaty in Gottfried Many American historians state that the Cold War began in For Russians, the Cold War was hot inwhen the Allied Intervention policy implemented in Russia during the Russian Civil War. According to John W. Nevertheless, there are some other opinions regarding the origins of the Cold War. For example, Geoffrey Barraclough, an outstanding English historian, states that the events in the Far East at the end of the century contributed to the origins of the Cold War.
According to Causes of the cold war essay, the Cold War is associated with the conflict of interests, causes of the cold war essay, which involved European countries, the Middle East and South East Asia. Finally, this conflict divided the world into two camps. Thus, the Cold War origins are connected with the spread of ideological conflict caused by the emergence of the new power in the early th century Warner The Cold War outbreak was associated with the spread of propaganda on the United States by the USSR. The propagandistic attacks involved the criticism of the U.
leaders and their policies. These attacked were harmful to the interests of American nation Whitton The United States and the USSR were regarded as two superpowers during the Cold War, each having its own sphere of influence, causes of the cold war essay, its power and forces. The Cold War had been the continuing conflict, caused by tensions, misunderstandings and competitions that existed between the United States and the USSR, as well as their allies from to the early s Gottfried Throughout this long period, there was the so-called rivalry between the United States and the USSR, which was expressed through various transformations, including military buildup, causes of the cold war essay, the spread of propaganda, the growth of espionage, weapons development, considerable industrial advances, and competitive technological developments in different spheres of human activity, such as medicine, education, space exploration, etc.
The major causes of the Cold War point out to the fact that the USSR was focused on the spread of communist ideas worldwide. The United States followed democratic ideas and opposed the spread of communism. At the same time, the acquisition of atomic weapons by the United States caused fear in the USSR. The use of atomic weapons could become the major reason of fear of both the United States and the USSR. In other words, both countries were anxious about possible attacks from each other; therefore, they were following the production of mass destruction weapons. In addition, the USSR was focused on taking control over Eastern Europe and Central Asia. According to researchers, the USSR used various strategies to gain control over Eastern Europe and Central Asia in the years These actions were the major factors for the suspicions and concerns of the United States.
In addition, the U. President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his policies. The consequences of the Cold War include both positive and negative effects for both the United States and the USSR. The impact of the Cold War on the development of many countries was enormous. The consequences of the Cold War were derived from numerous internal problems of the countries, which were connected with the USSR, especially developing countries India, Africa, etc. This fact means that foreign policies of many states were transformed Gottfried The Cold War essay part 2. The Cold War essay The Cold War is considered to be a significant event in Modern World History.
The Cold War: background information The Cold War consisted of several confrontations between the United States and the USSR, supported by their allies. The origins of the Cold War Many American historians state that the Cold War began in The major causes of the Cold War The United States and the USSR were regarded as two superpowers during the Cold War, each having its own sphere of influence, its power and forces. There four major causes of the Cold War, which include: Ideological differences communism v. capitalism ; Mutual distrust and misperception; The fear of the United State regarding the spread of communism; The nuclear arms race Gottfried The consequences of the Cold War The consequences of the Cold War include both positive and negative effects for both the United States and the USSR.
Both the United States and the USSR managed to build up huge arsenals of atomic weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles. The Cold War provided opportunities for the establishment of the military blocs, NATO and the Warsaw Pact. The Cold War led to the emergence of the destructive military conflicts, like the Vietnam War and the Korean War, which took the lives of millions of people Gottfried The USSR collapsed because of considerable economic, political and social challenges. The Cold War led to the destruction of the Berlin Wall and the unification of the two German nations. The Cold War led to the disintegration of the Warsaw Pact Gottfried The Cold war provided the opportunities for achieving independence of the Baltic States and some former Soviet Republics. The Cold War made the United States the sole superpower causes of the cold war essay the world because of the collapse of the USSR in The Cold War led to the collapse of Communism and the rise of globalization worldwide Phillips The Cold War essay part 2 Do you like this essay?
Our writers can write a paper like this for you! Order your paper here.
cool essay
Infact, Cold War is a kind of verbal war which is fought through newspapers, magazines, radio and other propaganda methods. It is a propaganda to which a great power resorts against the other power. It is a sort of diplomatic war. There is no unanimity amongst scholars regarding the origin of the Cold War In when Hitler invaded Russia, Roosevelt the President of USA sent armaments to Russia. It is only because the relationship between Roosevelt and Stalin was very good. But after the defeat of Germany, when Stalin wanted to implement Communist ideology in Poland, Hungery, Bulgaria and Rumania, at that time England and America suspected Stalin. It led Stalin to think deeply. As a result of which suspicion became wider between Soviet Russia and western countries and thus the Cold War took birth.
Various causes are responsible for the outbreak of the Cold War. At first, the difference between Soviet Russia and USA led to the Cold War. The United States of America could not tolerate the Communist ideology of Soviet Russia. On the other hand, Russia could not accept the dominance of United States of America upon the other European Countries. Secondly, the Race of Armament between the two super powers served another cause for the Cold War. After the Second World War, Soviet Russia had increased its military strength which was a threat to the Western Countries. So America started to manufacture the Atom bomb, Hydrogen bomb and other deadly weapons. The other European Countries also participated in this race. So, the whole world was divided into two power blocs and paved the way for the Cold War.
Thirdly, the Ideological Difference was another cause for the Cold War. When Soviet Russia spread Communism, at that time America propagated Capitalism. This propaganda ultimately accelerated the Cold War. Fourthly, Russian Declaration made another cause for the Cold War. Soviet Russia highlighted Communism in mass-media and encouraged the labour revolution. On the other hand, America helped the Capitalists against the Communism. So it helped to the growth of Cold War. Fifthly, the Nuclear Programme of America was responsible for another cause for the Cold War. After the bombardment of America on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Soviet Russia got afraid for her existence.
So, it also followed the same path to combat America. This led to the growth of Cold War. Lastly, the Enforcement of Veto by Soviet Russia against the western countries made them to hate Russia. When the western countries put forth any view in the Security Council of the UNO, Soviet Russia immediately opposed it through veto. So western countries became annoyed in Soviet Russia which gave birth to the Cold War. In this phase America and Soviet Russia disbelieved each other. America always tried to control the Red Regime in Russia. Without any hesitation Soviet Russia established Communism by destroying democracy in the Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungery, Yugoslavia and other Eastern European Countries.
According to Marshall Plan which was declared on 5 June, America gave financial assistance to Western European Countries. In this phase, non withdrawal of army from Iran by Soviet Russia, Berlin blaockade etc. made the cold was more furious. After the formation of NATO in , the Cold War took a halt. In this phase a treaty was signed between Australia, New Zeland and America in September, which was known as ANZUS. America also signed a treaty with Japan on 8 September, At that time by taking armaments from Russia and army from China, North Korea declared war against South Korea.
Then with the help of UNO, America sent military aid to South Korea. However, both North Korea and South Korea signed peace treaty in and ended the war. In order to reduce the impact of Soviet Communism, America spent a huge amount of dollar in propaganda against Communism. On the other hand, Soviet Russia tried to be equal with America by testing atom bomb. In America formed MEDO in Middle East. Within a short span of time, America gave military assistance to 43 countries and formed military bases around Soviet Russia. At that time, the Vietnamese War started on To reduce the American Power, Russia signed WARSAW PACT in Russia also signed a defence pact with 12 Countries. Germany was divided into Federal Republic of Germany which was under the American control where as German Democratic Republic was under Soviet Russia.
In Soviet Russia included Sphutnick in her defence programme. Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response. The Soviet Union had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of its gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors. Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity, but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges. By the early s, the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States.
Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, president Carter began massively building up the United States military. This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration, which increased the military spending from 5. Tensions continued to intensify as Reagan revived the B-1 Lancer program, which had been canceled by the Carter administration, produced LGM Peacekeeper missiles, [] installed US cruise missiles in Europe, and announced the experimental Strategic Defense Initiative , dubbed "Star Wars" by the media, a defense program to shoot down missiles in mid-flight.
After Reagan's military buildup, the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military, [] because the enormous military expenses, along with inefficient planned manufacturing and collectivized agriculture , were already a heavy burden for the Soviet economy. On 1 September , the Soviet Union shot down Korean Air Lines Flight , a Boeing with people aboard, including sitting Congressman Larry McDonald , an action which Reagan characterized as a "massacre". The airliner had violated Soviet airspace just past the west coast of Sakhalin Island near Moneron Island , and the Soviets treated the unidentified aircraft as an intruding US spy plane.
The incident increased support for military deployment, overseen by Reagan, which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev. American domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War. Meanwhile, the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions. Although Brezhnev was convinced in that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief, Muslim guerrillas, aided by the US, China, Britain, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, [] waged a fierce resistance against the invasion. A senior US State Department official predicted such an outcome as early as , positing that the invasion resulted in part from a "domestic crisis within the Soviet system.
It may be that the thermodynamic law of entropy has caught up with the Soviet system, which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself. We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay". By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in , [] the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the s. An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary, and in June Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called perestroika , or restructuring. These measures were intended to redirect the country's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector.
Despite initial skepticism in the West, the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West. In response to the Kremlin's military and political concessions , Reagan agreed to renew talks on economic issues and the scaling-back of the arms race. Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative, which Gorbachev wanted to be eliminated. Reagan refused. The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear-armed, ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between and 5, kilometers to 3, miles and their infrastructure. East—West tensions rapidly subsided through the mid-to-late s, culminating with the final summit in Moscow in , when Gorbachev and George H.
Bush signed the START I arms control treaty. In , Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan , [] and by Gorbachev consented to German reunification , [] as the only alternative was a Tiananmen Square scenario. On 3 December , Gorbachev and George H. Bush declared the Cold War over at the Malta Summit. By , the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse, and, deprived of Soviet military support, the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power. The Pan-European Picnic in August in Hungary finally started a peaceful movement that the rulers in the Eastern Bloc could not stop. It was the largest movement of refugees from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in and ultimately brought about the fall of the Iron Curtain.
The patrons of the picnic, Otto von Habsburg and the Hungarian Minister of State Imre Pozsgay , saw the planned event as an opportunity to test Mikhail Gorbachev's reaction. The Austrian branch of the Paneuropean Union , which was then headed by Karl von Habsburg , distributed thousands of brochures inviting the GDR holidaymakers in Hungary to a picnic near the border at Sopron. But with the mass exodus at the Pan-European Picnic the subsequent hesitant behavior of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany and the non-interference of the Soviet Union broke the dams. Now tens of thousands of media-informed East Germans made their way to Hungary, which was no longer willing to keep its borders completely closed or to oblige its border troops to use armed force.
On the one hand, this caused disagreement among the Eastern European states and, on the other hand, it was clear to the Eastern European population that the governments no longer had absolute power. In , the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organization of competitive elections. In Czechoslovakia and East Germany, mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders. The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled, in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising. Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania, on behalf of the opposition, to prevent bloodshed.
The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November , which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe. The revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet-style Marxist—Leninist states : East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria; [] Romania was the only Eastern-bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state. In the USSR itself, glasnost weakened the ideological bonds that held the Soviet Union together, and by February , with the dissolution of the USSR looming, the Communist Party was forced to surrender its year-old monopoly on state power.
Gorbachev used force to keep the Baltics from breaking away. The USSR was fatally weakened by a failed coup in August A growing number of Soviet republics , particularly Russia , threatened to secede from the USSR. The Commonwealth of Independent States , created on 21 December , was a successor entity to the Soviet Union. US President George H. Bush expressed his emotions: "The biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life, in our lives, is this: By the grace of God, America won the Cold War. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russia drastically cut military spending , and restructuring the economy left millions unemployed.
Communist parties outside the Baltic states were not outlawed and their members were not prosecuted. Just a few places attempted to exclude even members of communist secret services from decision-making. In a number of countries, the communist party simply changed its name and continued to function. Stephen Holmes of the University of Chicago argued in that decommunization, after a brief active period, quickly ended in near-universal failure. After the introduction of lustration , demand for scapegoats has become relatively low, and former communists have been elected for high governmental and other administrative positions. Holmes notes that the only real exception was former East Germany , where thousands of former Stasi informers have been fired from public positions.
Holmes suggests the following reasons for the failure of decommunization: []. The Cold War continues to influence world affairs. The post-Cold War world is considered to be unipolar , with the United States the sole remaining superpower. Further nearly , Americans lost their lives in the Korean and Vietnam Wars. In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers, millions died in the superpowers' proxy wars around the globe, most notably in Southeast Asia. However, the aftermath of the Cold War is not considered to be concluded. Many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to fuel Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute.
The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts, particularly in the former Yugoslavia. In Central and Eastern Europe, the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth and an increase in the number of liberal democracies , while in other parts of the world, such as Afghanistan, independence was accompanied by state failure. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence people around the world, especially using motion pictures. As soon as the term "Cold War" was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians, political scientists, and journalists.
Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse, several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified. Historians commonly speak of three different approaches to the study of the Cold War: "orthodox" accounts, "revisionism", and "post-revisionism". From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the state of political tension in the 20th century. For the general term, see Cold war general term. For the current state of political tension, see Second Cold War. For other uses, see Cold War disambiguation. For other uses, see Cold warrior disambiguation. NATO and Warsaw Pact states during the Cold War-era.
The " Three Worlds " of the Cold War era, April — August First World : Western Bloc led by the United States and its allies. Second World : Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union , China Independent , and their allies. Third World : Non-Aligned and neutral countries. Mushroom cloud of the Ivy Mike nuclear test , ; one of more than a thousand such tests conducted by the US between and With her brother on her back, a Korean girl trudges by a stalled American M46 Patton tank, at Haengju, South Korea , East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall , A US Navy aircraft shadowing a Soviet freighter during the Cuban Missile Crisis , American astronaut Thomas P.
Stafford right and Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov left shake hands in outer space , Soviet frigate Bezzavetny bumping USS Yorktown , The fall of the Berlin Wall , Tanks at Red Square during the August Coup , World War II Hiroshima and Nagasaki Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Iron Curtain. Cold War — Cold War — Cold War — Cold War — Cold War — Frozen conflicts. Related topics. Timeline of events List of related conflicts Historiography Cold War in Asia Second Cold War. Main article: Cold war general term. Main article: Origins of the Cold War. Main articles: Russian Revolution and Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. Further information: Tehran Conference , Yalta Conference , and List of Allied World War II conferences.
Main articles: Potsdam Conference and Surrender of Japan. Main article: Eastern Bloc. Further information: Post—World War II economic expansion. Main articles: Cold War — , Containment , and Truman Doctrine. Further information: X Article § The Long Telegram , Iron Curtain , Iran crisis of , and Restatement of Policy on Germany. Main articles: Marshall Plan , Western Bloc , and Czechoslovak coup d'état. The labeling used on Marshall Plan aid to Western Europe. Map of Cold War-era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. The red columns show the relative amount of total aid received per nation. Construction in West Berlin under Marshall Plan aid.
Main articles: Cold War espionage , American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation , and Soviet espionage in the United States. Main articles: Cominform and Tito—Stalin Split. Main article: Berlin Blockade. Main article: West German rearmament. Main article: Cold War in Asia. Main articles: Division of Korea , Korean War , and Rollback. Main article: Cold War — Main articles: Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution of The Hungarian Revolution of Further information: Rapacki Plan and Berlin Crisis of — Main article: Flexible response.
Main articles: Decolonization § After , Wars of national liberation , Iranian coup d'état , Guatemalan coup d'état , Congo Crisis , and Partition of Vietnam. Main article: Sino-Soviet split. The USSR and pro-Soviet socialist states. China and pro-Chinese socialist states. Neutral Socialist nations North Korea and Yugoslavia. Non-socialist states. Main article: Space Race. Main articles: Cuban Revolution and Bay of Pigs Invasion. Main article: Berlin Crisis of Further information: Berlin Wall and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection. Main articles: Cuban Project and Cuban Missile Crisis. Main articles: Vietnam War and Opposition to the Vietnam War. Main article: Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle § Partial withdrawal from NATO in Main articles: Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.
Main article: Brezhnev Doctrine. See also: Brazilian coup d'état , Dominican Civil War , Indonesian mass killings of —66 , Vietnam War , Chilean coup d'état , Uruguayan coup d'état , Argentine coup d'état , Operation Condor , Six-Day War , Task Force 74 , War of Attrition , Yom Kippur War , Ogaden War , Angolan Civil War , South African Border War , Indonesian invasion of East Timor , Re-education camp Vietnam , Vietnamese boat people , and Stability—instability paradox. Main article: Richard Nixon's visit to China. Main articles: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks , Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control , Helsinki Accords , and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Main articles: Saur Revolution , Soviet—Afghan War , and Afghan Civil War Further information: Reagan Doctrine and Thatcherism. Main articles: Solidarity Polish trade union and Martial law in Poland. Further information: Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of — Further information: Era of Stagnation , Strategic Defense Initiative , SS Saber , and MGM Pershing. Further information: Mikhail Gorbachev , Perestroika , and Glasnost. Further information: Reykjavík Summit , Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , START I , and Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany. Main article: Revolutions of Main article: Dissolution of the Soviet Union. Further information: History of the Soviet Union —91 , The Barricades , Soviet coup d'état attempt , Commonwealth of Independent States , Economy of the Soviet Union , and Baltic Way.
Main articles: Effects of the Cold War , International relations since , Post-Soviet states , Post-Soviet conflicts , Yugoslav Wars , and Second Cold War. See also: Culture during the Cold War. Main article: Historiography of the Cold War. American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation American imperialism Canada in the Cold War Cold peace Cold War in Asia International relations since Post—Cold War era McCarthyism Origins of the Cold War Outline of the Cold War Red Scare Second Cold War Soviet Empire Timeline of events in the Cold War Category:Cold War by period. The Cold War. ISBN Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 September The Truman administration's fear that Rhee would launch an invasion prompted it to limit South Korea's military capabilities, refusing to provide tanks, heavy artillery, and combat planes.
This did not stop the South Koreans from initiating most of the border clashes with North Korean forces at the thirty-eighth parallel beginning in the summer of and reaching a high level of intensity and violence a year later. Historians now acknowledge that the two Koreas already were waging a civil conflict when North Korea's attack opened the conventional phase of the war. National Archives. Retrieved 21 June The Soviet leader believed that North Korea had not achieved either military superiority north of the parallel or political strength south of that line. His main concern was the threat South Korea posed to North Korea's survival, for example fearing an invasion northward following U.
military withdrawal in June Retrieved 26 June Cold War Nuclear Target Lists Declassified for First Time. National Security Archive. Archived from the original on 17 November Retrieved 13 October Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, "Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Prague, April " in Dubcek's Blueprint for Freedom: His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia. It was said that American M tanks sold to Iran were shipped to Somalia via Oman. Retrieved on 4 July Retrieved 20 May BBC News. Marshall and Ted Gurr, "Peace and Conflict" PDF. Archived from the original PDF on 24 June Retrieved 1 June Retrieved 14 June Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century.
Jones , pp. com The White generals : an account of the White Movement and the Russian Civil War. London: Routledge. Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and the End of the Cold War. Archived from the original on 29 July Retrieved 30 November Therefore, the continuation of cooperation and peaceful relations with its wartime allies, the United States and Great Britain, was greatly to be desired. Foreign Policy, Monthly Review Press , p. The Making of Modern Korea. The Korean War: A History. Truman Library Institute. Retrieved 27 October Journal of Contemporary History. doi : hdl : ISSN JSTOR S2CID Washington Post. Retrieved 13 November Venona Soviet Espionage and the American Response National Security Agency. vii, xix.
Retrieved 17 September Secrecy: The American Experience. Yale University Press. Intelligence and National Security. xxvii, xxviii. Retrieved 12 June April The Journal of Military History. Large, Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era U of North Carolina Press, Hershberg, "'Explosion in the Offing: German Rearmament and American Diplomacy, — The Historian. US presidents and Cold War nuclear diplomacy. Archived from the original on 26 July Retrieved 3 September Washington rules : America's path to permanent war First ed. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Cuba and the U. empire : a chronological history. New York: New York University Press. Kennedy and Cuba: Operation Mongoose. National Security Archive Report. Washington, D. Archived from the original on 2 November Retrieved 3 April The memorandum showed no concern for international law or the unspoken nature of these operations as terrorist attacks. In Carter, Dale; Clifton, Robin eds. War and Cold War in American foreign policy, — Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. That infernal little Cuban republic : the United States and the Cuban Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Jones , p.
The Washington Post. Barre agreed. Samuel Valenzuela and Arturo Valenzuela eds. Records of the Department of State, Policy Planning Staff, Director's Files Winston Lord , —, Box " PDF. Archived PDF from the original on 17 June Retrieved 3 January My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. November Canadian Journal of Economics. Svetozar Pejovich. Aarons, Mark In David A. Blumenthal; Timothy L. McCormack eds. The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? International Humanitarian Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Archived from the original on 29 January Retrieved 20 November Andrew, Christopher M. KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev. Andrew, Christopher ; Mitrokhin, Vasili The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB.
Basic Books. Ang, Cheng Guan. online review Bevins, Vincent The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World. Blum, William Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower 3rd ed. Common Courage Press. Blumberg, Arnold Great Leaders, Great Tyrants? Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Boller, Paul F. Not So! Oxford UP. Retrieved 14 January Breslauer, George W. Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders. Bronson, Rachel Thicker Than Oil: America's Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May Bulmer-Thomas, Victor The Political Economy of Central America since Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Carlton, David 16 March Churchill and the Soviet Union.
Manchester University Press. Archived from the original on 13 March Retrieved 3 December — via Google Books. Chandler, David Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot, Revised Edition. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books. Chretien, Todd Eyewitnesses to the Russian Revolution. Haymarket Books. Combs, Jerald A. The History of American Foreign Policy from Cook, Bernard A. The Korean war in history. Manchester University Press ND. Cox, Michael Beyond the Cold War: Superpowers at the Crossroads.
University Press of America. Archived from the original on 6 September Retrieved 20 June Craig, Campbell; Logevall, Fredrik 5 March America's Cold War: The Politics of Insecurity. Harvard University Press. Cummings, Richard H. Radio Free Europe's "Crusade for freedom": Rallying Americans behind Cold War Broadcasting, — Dallek, Robert Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power. New York: HarperCollins. Daum, Andreas Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press. Diggins, John P. Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, And the Making of History. Dinan, Desmond 16 September Europe Recast: A History of European Union. Retrieved 25 October Dobrynin, Anatoly In Confidence: Moscow's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents. University of Washington Press. Dominguez, Jorge I.
To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy. Dowty, Alan Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement. Duke, Simón United States Military Forces and Installations in Europe. Erlich, Reese Dateline Havana: The Real Story of U. Policy and the Future of Cuba. Sausalito, California: PoliPoint Press. Fehrenbach, T. This Kind of War: The Classic Korean War History Fiftieth Anniversary ed. Friedman, Norman The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War. Naval Institute Press. Fritsch-Bournazel, Renata Confronting the German question: Germans on the East-West divide.
Gaddis, John Lewis Russia, the Soviet Union and the United States. An Interpretative History. The Cold War: A New History. Penguin Press. Garthoff, Raymond Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan. Brookings Institution Press. Gasiorowski, Mark J. Mohammad Mosaddeq and the Coup in Iran. Syracuse University Press. Gerard, Emmanuel Death in the Congo. Gerolymatos, André An International Civil War: Greece, — Ghodsee, Kristen Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism.
Duke University Press. Archived from the original on 7 December Retrieved 4 August Gibbs, Joseph Gorbachev's Glasnost: The Soviet Media in the First Phase of Perestroika. Grandin, Greg 30 July The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War, Updated Edition. University of Chicago Press. Grenville, J. S ; Wasserstein, Bernard The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century. Grenville, John Ashley Soames , A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century , Routledge, ISBN Halliday, Fred The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World. Oxford University Press Inc. Hamann, Hilton []. Days of the Generals. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. Harrison, Hope Millard Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, — Princeton University Press.
Haruki, Wada 29 March The Korean War: An International History. Hasanli, Jamil Khrushchev's Thaw and National Identity in Soviet Azerbaijan, — Lexington Books. Heller, Henry 1 July The Cold War and the new imperialism: a global history, — Monthly Review Press. Herring, George C. Aid to Russia, strategy, diplomacy, the origins of the cold war. Columbia University Press. From Colony to Superpower: U. Foreign Relations since Heuveline, Patrick Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Cambodian population, then less than eight million.
Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of , or less. Hixson, Walter L. The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 12 April Immerman, Richard H. The Hidden Hand: A Brief History of the CIA. Hwang, Su-kyoung 30 August Korea's Grievous War. University of Pennsylvania Press. Isby, David C. Armies of NATO's Central Front. Itzigsohn, José Developing Poverty: The State, Labor Market Deregulation, and the Informal Economy in Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic.
University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. Jonas, Manfred July The United States and Germany: A Diplomatic History. Cornell University Press. Jones, Geoffrey 23 January In Neal, Larry; Williamson, Jeffrey G. The Cambridge History of Capitalism: Volume 2, The Spread of Capitalism: From to the Present. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 21 October Jones, Howard Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations from Kalinovsky, Artemy M. A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan. Kalnins, Mara Latvia: A Short History. Retrieved 19 June Karabell, Zachary Architects of Intervention: The United States the Third World and the Cold War — LSU Press. Kempe, Frederick Berlin Penguin Group US. Khanna, V. International Relations, 5th Edition. Kiernan, Ben In Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan ed.
The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Kinsella, Warren Unholy Alliances. Lester Publishing. Kinvig, Clifford Churchill's crusade : the British invasion of Russia, Hambledon Continuum. Kinzer, Stephen All the Shah's men : an American coup and the roots of Middle East terror. Hoboken, N. Koven, Steven G. Responsible Governance: A Case Study Approach. Kydd, Andrew H. Trust and Mistrust in International Relations. Retrieved 24 October LaFeber, Walter a. Mann and the Devolution of Latin American Policy: From the Good Neighbor to Military Intervention". In Thomas J. Behind the Throne: Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents, — University of Wisconsin Press. LaFeber, Walter b. America, Russia, and the Cold War, — LaFeber, Walter Layne, Christopher The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from to the Present.
Lechuga Hevia, Carlos Cuba and the Missile Crisis. Melbourne, Australia: Ocean Press. Lee, Stephen J. Stalin and the Soviet Union. Lefeber, R. The Changing political structure of Europe: aspects of international law. Leffler, Melvyn P. September For The Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Odom, William E. The Collapse of the Soviet Military. Lendvai, Paul One Day that Shook the Communist World: The Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Litwak, Robert Détente and the Nixon doctrine : American foreign policy and the pursuit of stability, Cambridge Cambridgeshire New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lüthi, Lorenz M. The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World. Princeton UP. Archived from the original on 9 June Malkasian, Carter The Korean War: Essential Histories. Osprey Publishing. Mars, Perry; Young, Alma H Caribbean Labor and Politics: Legacies of Cheddi Jagan and Michael Manley. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. McCauley, Martin Origins of the Cold War, — Harlow, England New York: Pearson Longman. McDougall, Walter A. Archived from the original on 12 July Retrieved 23 October McFadden, David W Alternative paths : Soviets and Americans, — McMahon, Robert The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction. Menon, Anand France, NATO, and the limits of independence, — the politics of ambivalence.
Palgrave Macmillan. Miller, Roger Gene
No comments:
Post a Comment